1a) What led to the development of the Swahili culture at the coast of East Africa? CODE D (12 marks)
The word Swahili originated from an Arab word “ Swahiri” meaning “Coast”
The Swahili culture therefore began when the Arabs came into contact with the East African Coast
At times Swahili culture is also referred to as Afro – Arab culture
The Swahili culture at the coast of East Africa developed between 13th and 15th up to the 16th century
Swahili (coastal) culture emerged as a result of contacts between the Arabs, Persians and the local people.
It came about as a result of the intermingling of both the Africans and Arabic cultures.
Swahili culture at the coast grew as a result of intermarriages between the Arabs and the local people.
The development of Kiswahili language encouraged the growth of Swahili culture because it promoted easy communication.
The introduction and growth of Islam at the coast of east Africa led development of the Swahili culture
The unity that prevailed at the coast following the introduction of Islam led to the growth of Swahili culture at the coast
The growth of the coastal towns led to the development of the Swahili culture at the coast
The leadership provided by the new Arab leaders at the coast led to the development of Swahili culture at the coast
The availability of trade items at the coast led to the development of the Swahili culture. These items included gold, silk, ivory which were of high demand.
The willingness of the local people to adopt the Arabic ways of life like wearing veils, turbans, and sandals e.t.c promoted the Swahili culture.
The flourishing trade at the coast also promoted the Swahili culture at the coast of East Africa.
The construction of Mosques and Koranic schools encouraged the growth of the culture.
The introduction of Islamic practices led to the growth of Swahili culture. These practices included circumcision, praying five times a day, fasting.
The new mode of administration based on sharia encouraged the growth of the Swahili culture.
The hospitality of the Africans at the coast led to the growth of the Swahili culture at the coast
Political stability at the coast of East Africa led to the growth of Swahili culture
In conclusion, the growth of Swahili culture at the coast was brought about by the economic, political and social factors described above.
b) What effects did this culture have on the peoples of the coast? CODE E (13 marks)
The word Swahili originated from an Arab word “ Swahiri” meaning “Coast”
At times Swahili culture is also referred to as Afro – Arab culture
The Swahili culture at the coast of East Africa developed between 13th and 15th centuries
The Swahili people spoke Kiswahili as their language of communication which was a mixture of Bantu and Arab words coined together into a language
The effects of the Swahili culture on the coastal people were both positive and negative as described below:-
Mosques and Koranic schools were built all over the coast of East Africa.
Islam which was introduced Arabs by the fostered unity among Muslim brothers at the coast of East Africa
Islam greatly influenced the coastal cultures and ways of life of the people at the coast.
Many towns developed at the coast of East Africa. For example, Mombasa, Kilwa and many others.
The development of the Swahili culture led to the introduction of the sharia law which strengthened administration at the coast
There was improved morality at the coast due to the strict Koranic teaching against immorality
The development of the Swahili culture led to intermarriages which gave rise to Swahili people
The new Swahili culture came with a new language called Kiswahili which was widely spoken at the coast.
Arabic language was also adopted as an official language of the coastal people
Kiswahili became the Lingua Franca at the coast of East Africa.
Strong commercial links were established externally with outside countries and people
The Arabs who spread Islam imposed themselves on the local people as their rulers
Food and sitting etiquette changed among the coastal people. For instance new foods and practices were introduced. This included pilau, chapatti, rice and sitting crossed legged
New crops were brought to the coast of East Africa. This include rice, wheat, oranges, lemons and many others
Some African societies at the coast were absorbed by the Swahili culture
Islam exposed the East African coastal towns to the outside world especially Arabia, Persia and India
There was an increase in population at the coast because many foreigners came and settled at the coast.
There was improved standard of living among the coastal people because the coastal people were able to acquire and consume foreign goods.
Some societies at the coast gave up their economic activities like food gathering, hunting and took up trade which had been introduced by the Arabs.
Islamic practices were also introduced. These practices included circumcision, praying five times a day, fasting.
New ruling dynasties were formed at the coast of East Africa. These included the Shirazi dynasty
Islam was further encouraged or spread to various places at the coast of East Africa.
The growth of the Swahili culture led to increase of slavery along the Coast of East Africa which eventually led to depopulation and insecurity.
In conclusion, the effects of the growth and development of the Swahili culture at the coast of East Africa were both positive and negative as mentioned above.
2a) Describe the migration and settlement of the River Lake Nilotes into East Africa by 1800 AD CODE M (15 marks)
These were groups of Nilotes who had an affinity to settle around lakes, rivers and water bodies.
They moved from Bahr-el-Ghazel in the equatorial province in the current Southern Sudan
Their movement was slow and gradual and spread over a long period between AD 1000 and 1800
The River and Lake Nilotes moved in small family or clan group.
At times their movements were seasonal and gradual
They started their movement southwards following the Nile
They entered East Africa through Northern Uganda at a place called Nimule
Between 1480 and 1500 they had settled at Pubungu in Pakwach
This later became their major dispersal point from where they spread to different directions
One group under Gipir and Tifool moved westwards into West Nile, mixed with the Sudanic Madi, Okebo and Lendu giving rise to the Alur people.
A second group the Jo-Bito clan under Labongo moved southwards into Pawir, the current Bunyoro
This was the time when Chwezi Empire (Bunyoro Kitara) was disintegrating.
They set up the Luo – Bito dynasty and other related sub dynasties in Busoga, Buganda and Bukedi.
Further movements occurred Northwards, Eastwards and North – Eastwards into present day Acholi, Lango, etc.
Most prominent of the migrants at the time were the Labongo who intermarried with the Madi to give rise to the Acholi tribe.
Between 1500 and 1550, the Joka - Jok pushed Eastwards from Sudan through Acholi, Kaberamaido and some settled there
Some settled in Budama while others continued to Ramogi Hills in Western Kenya
Another group the Jok – Owiny moved from Pubungu then Kaberamaido and finally settled in Singoma, Alego, etc in the Nyanza region in western Kenya.
These groups of the Luo were led by the fearless Owiny Singoma.
Between 1550 and 1650 the Jok – Omolo moved from Northern Bunyoro through Busoga, Budama and also settled in Nyanza region.
The Abasuba, a mixed group of refugees from the Ssese Islands, Buganda, Busoga and Bugwere migrated between AD 1600 and 1800
Today they are represented by the Jo - Gem, Jo - Ugenya and Jo - Alego and mainly settled in Southern Nyanza.
The Luo who settled in Budama were known as the Japadhola (Adhola) under Adhola.
These were often victims of the Masai and Banyole raiders
The group that finally settled in the Kavirondo Gulf and the Nyanza region became known as the Kenya Luo (Ja-Luo)
Other groups that moved to Kenya were the Joka - Jok, Jok - Owiny, Jok - Omolo and Abasuba.
In conclusion, the above explains the migration and the settlement of the Luo into East Africa by 1800 AD
A sketch map showing the migration and the settlement of the River Lake Nilotes (The Luo)
KEY The migration of the Luo people (10 marks)
2b) How did their migration affect the peoples of East Africa? CODE E (10 marks)
The River Lake Nilotes were part of the Nilotes who had an affinity to settle around lakes, rivers and water bodies.
They moved from Bahr-el-Ghazel in the equatorial province in the current Southern Sudan
Their movement was slow and gradual and spread over a long period between AD 1000 and 1800
The migration and settlement of the River Lake Nilotes led to intermarriages between the Luo and the local people leading to the birth of new tribes like Alur, Japadhola, Acholi, Chope, etc.
The migration and settlement of the Luo led to the rise new tribes which came with new languages like Alur, Japhadola, Acholi,
The Luo established themselves as chiefs and rulers over the local people they found
For example by 1700 small Luo dominated and centralized states had emerged in Acholi land as well as other areas.
The Luo traded with the communities they met and were settled with. Among others, the trade items included, agricultural produce, animals and iron implements
Their coming resulted into loss of cultures and languages by the local people
For example in Lango some of the Langi gave up their Ateker language and adopted the Luo language
The Abasuba also eventually took up the Luo language and customs
The Abaluya copied some aspects of the Luo initiation rites like removing the sixth bottom teeth.
Still some Bantu speaking groups at Alego were defeated and some were absorbed in the Luo linguistic group.
The migration and the settlement of the Luo led to the decline of Chwezi empire of Bunyoro – Kitara.
As a result of this decline, small independent states emerged; for example:- Bunyoro, Busoga, Karagwe, Buganda, Ankole etc
The Luo established the Bito dynasty in Bunyoro which lasted for 4-5 centuries up to 1967.
The Luo sub dynasties ruled over a large area in Busoga, Karagwe and Western Kenya.
There was heavy displacement of people in areas like Bunyoro and Lango.
Some of the displaced people of Bunyoro especially Bahima had to migrate to other areas.
They also drove away some of the Bantu groups like Banyoro to the western side of Lake Victoria.
The Luo introduced the idea of chiefdom in East Africa.
They introduced short horned cattle (zebu cattle) into East Africa.
This cattle culture spread to almost everywhere where they settled. For example, Acholi land.
The Luo introduced pet names (Empaako) like Akiiki, Abwoli, Atwoki, Atenyi, Amooti and many others.
The Luo initiated the system of granting land to clans.
Their settlement led the development of the system of royal burial sites for the Abakama (Kings) after removal of the Jaw bones
Their arrival led to population increase in the areas where they settled.
The population in East Africa increased resulting into land disputes among the people.
In Bunyoro they introduced new regalia like the royal drums, shields, royal fire, crown, stool and many others.
They introduced new crops like simsim, millet, sorghum and peas.
During their movements, there were a number of inter clan wars.
The wars which occurred during their migration and settlement led to increased war fare and insecurity in the region.
These wars led to loss of lives of so many people hence depopulation.
A lot of property was also destroyed as a result of the wars as they moved and settled.
The migration of the Luo led to the problem of famine arising from the destruction of crops.
In conclusion, the effects of the migration and settlement of the Luo were both positive and negative as explained above.
3 Describe the political, economic and social organization of the following societies during the 19th century
Buganda (13 marks)
Nandi (12 marks)
Buganda CODE B (13 marks)
It is believed that Buganda kingdom originally part of the larger Bunyoro – Kitara empire of the interlacustrine region
The kingdom of Buganda was situated on the northern shores of Lake Victoria between Lakes Kyoga and Albert.
The Baganda who occupy the kingdom of Buganda belong to the interlacustrine Bantu group.
Politically, the kingdom was centralized and political power in Buganda was centered on the Kabaka.
The Kabaka was assisted by the Lukiiko which was an essential organ of the state
The Lukiiko was the legislative council responsible for law making and administration
Kabakaship was hereditary and power was passed from father to son.
The King had absolute powers which were not questionable.
The kabaka also had a final control over all the land in Buganda.
The king married from all major clans to boost loyalty of the clans to him.
Next to the Kabaka in command was the Katikkiro (chief minister).
His major role was to advise the Kabaka and at times perform duties on his behalf.
The Chief justice (Mulamuzi) and Treasurer (Muwanika) were other prominent chiefs.
The queen mother and the queen sister also advised the king over the management of the kingdom.
The king had palace officials who spied for him in to ensure effective management of the kingdom.
For easy administration, Buganda was divided into counties (Amasaza), sub-counties and other smaller administrative units.
The Kabaka appointed chiefs to administer various areas in the kingdom.
These chiefs were answerable to the king and therefore were absolutely loyal to him.
The chiefs supplied the king with food, bark cloth, beer, timber, labour and many others.
There was freedom of peasant movement in the kingdom with the permission of a headman.
Peasants could be granted land by local headman on payment of tribute in form of beer, food, labour, military service and many others
Some youths were sent to the palace courts to acquire administrative skills and cultural values.
The kingdom had royal regalia like drums, spears, shields, crown fire and many others
Buganda had a standing army (Abajjasi) which was responsible for maintaining security and protection of the kingdom
The Kabaka had royal bodyguards (Abambowa). This also provided security and protection to the kingdom
Economically, agriculture was the backbone of Buganda’s economy.
The main crops grown by the people of Buganda were bananas, sweet potatoes, cassava etc.
But Agriculture was a women and children’s job, as men were spared for hunting and war. There was division of labor in the kingdom.
Kept animals like cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and chicken for meat, milk, eggs respectively.
The Kabaka’s herds were looked after by Hima herdsmen (Balaalo)
Crop rotation in Buganda was practiced at the intervals of three years to allow the soil to fallow.
Trade was another important economic activity carried out, by the people of Buganda. It was using bater trade and cowry shields
The people of Buganda traded in iron hoes, bark cloth, slaves, ivory and guns with the Arabs, Swahilli, Basoga and Banyankole.
Fishing was carried out by those living on the shores of Lake Victoria and the Buvuma Ssesse Islands.
The people also hunted wild animals like elephant for ivory, Buffalo, etc
Bark cloth making was yet another important economic activity carried out by the people of Buganda.
Buganda practiced iron working and made tools and weapons out of the iron they produced
Other specialists were canoe makers and craft makers of various types of crafts
Vassal states paid tributes to the king hence source of revenue for running the kingdom
Taxation was another source of revenue for the kingdom. The people of Buganda paid taxes most of which in kind to the king
Buganda raided her neighbours like Bunyoro, Busoga and Kooki for slaves, cattle, ivory and many others. These were used to reward the loyal chiefs.
Socially, the Ganda society was organized along clan basis
Each clan had a clan head, special areas of origin, its values that it cherished.
Each clan had its own burial site where the dead belonging to the clan were buried
Each clan had a totem which united the people of that clan together
In Buganda there was a class system of royals, notables and commoners
There was no any clan in Buganda that would monopolize Kingship in Buganda and the kings took their mother’s clan.
Religiously the Kabaka was the spiritual leader of Baganda
He was considered semi- divine with direct link with the ancestors
Each family or clan had its own shrine were sacrifices like beer, food and animals were offered to ancestors
The Baganda also believed in super natural being called Katonda
Their beliefs were centered around the ancestral spirits called the Lubaale cult
The Lubaale were spirits of people believed to have super natural powers
They could be consulted through prophets or mediums in case of any danger that the people were facing.
Musoke was god in charge of rain, Dungu for hunting, Mukasa for lakes, Nagawonye for drought
There was also a class of herbalists who treated those who were sick.
Witch doctors were always consulted in case of some misfortunes or to ask for favor.
The Baganda dressed in bark cloth, animal skins, beads, necklaces and other ornamels
Marriage in Buganda kingdom was polygamous. A man could have many women
Respect for elders was highly stressed and the elders were highly respected in the society
Boat racing, wrestling and dances were common forms of entertainment in Buganda kingdom
In conclusion, the kingdom of Buganda was politically, economically and socially highly organized as explained above.
b)Nandi CODE N (12 marks)
The Nandi belong to the wider group of the High land Nilotics.
They inhabit Western Kenya and are believed to have come from the North particularly Ethiopia.
Politically, The Nandi society was organized on a clan basis.
Clan were divided into age grades and further divided into age sets.
Three age sets formed an age grade. Several clans made up a political unit called Pororiet administered by a council called Kok.
Members to this council were chosen because of their military exploits and wisdom.
The decisions of the Kok would be communicated to other clan members
It is this council Kok that settled crimes and disputes
Witnesses would be called to help the council reach unbiased decisions.
There was action of lawyers called Kiriogik. These acted as advisers to the council.
There was another broad – based council called Kokwetap provider that consulted a territorial council with representatives from making major clans
At the adolescent stage, the youth were initiated and these made up an age set.
Three age sets made up an age grade and sec several age grades made up a clan.
The junior age grade constituted the warrior class of society.
Each age grade succeeded one another every after 15 years
The Nandi staged a prolonged resistance against the British occupying their land.
Economically, the Nandi were initially food gathers and hunters who collected wild fruits and other food stuffs.
They kept dogs, made poisoned – arrows, appears and sophisticated traps for the purposes of hunting
With time they took on pastoralism, keeping cows, sheep and goats
Animals provided them with milk, meat and butter – the source of their livelihood.
Farming was also done among the Nandi, though on a small scale.
They mainly grew cereals and vegetables and this was mainly done by women.
Towards the end of the colonial period, the Nandi picked interest in agriculture and grew cash crops and food crops like maize.
They also traded with their neighboring societies.
The major items of trade were mainly iron implements like spears, arrows and animal products.
Socially, initiation ceremonies were conducted every five years among the Nandi.
Youth of the same age were always initiated at the same time and these formed an age set.
Three age sets formed an age grade
These age grades succeeded one another every fifteen years and the full circle would be completed in 105 years.
Among the Nandi, were religious leaders called Orkoik ( Singular orkoiyot)
These followed prophecies of Orkoiyot Borgabotua who had died in 1800.
They were supposed to avert any calamity that would be befall their people like famine, drought and many others.
They were also consulted in times of military campaigns and raids.
They were in return given gifts like animals and beer, for their advice and favors.
In conclusion, the Nandi society was politically, economically and socially well organized as explained above.
4a) Why were the Portuguese interested in the coast of East Africa by 1500 AD? CODE I (13 marks)
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to come to the coast of East Africa.
Their coming to East Africa was spearheaded by Prince Henry the navigator.
It was then executed by great sailors and soldiers like, Vasco da Gama, Bartholomew Diaz and many others.
The Portuguese came to the East African coast in search for the direct sea route to India and Middle East
They were interested in East Africa because of the need to obtain wealth from the East African Coast. For instance they wanted to obtain precious items like gold, ivory, copper and slaves
The Portuguese were interested in the East African coast because of their desire to take part in the profitable Indian Ocean trade
The need to impose taxes and tribute from the coastal Arabs also made them interested in the East African coast.
The desire to prevent other European powers from gaining access to the Indian Ocean trade made the Portuguese interested in the East African coast.
The desire to revenge against the Arab Muslims who had subjugated (mistreated) them in the Iberian peninsula made the Portuguese interested in the East African coast
They came to the coast of East Africa in search for their legendary King Prester John who was believed to be inland for assistance against Arabs
The need to spread Christianity to the people of East African Coast made them come to the East African coast.
The strategic location of the coast attracted the Portuguese and made them come to the coast.
The presence of good natural harbors which were ideal for the repair of the ships going to East Indies made the Portuguese interested in the coast of East Africa.
The need to control the coast in order to prevent Egyptians and Turkish help to the Coastal Arabs made the Portuguese come to the coast of East Africa.
They hoped that the Coast would provide bases for the troops and ships from Portugal.
The Portuguese were interested in the East African coast because of the love for adventure and the need for the exploration of East African Coast.
They had the desire to learn more about East Africa as a result of period renaissance which was taking place.
In conclusion, the Portuguese were interested in the coast of East Africa because of the political, economic and social reasons as described above
b)Why were they able to easily subdue the coastal people?CODE S (12 marks)
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to come to the coast of East Africa.
The coastal people (towns) were easily defeated by the Portuguese because they (coastal towns/states) were rivals. For example Malindi and Mombasa were rivals while Sofala was against Kilwa.
Some coastal towns like Malindi cooperated with and helped the Portuguese (Divide and rule policy of the Portuguese)
The Portuguese had powerful weapons like canons and muskets unlike the coastal people who had inferior weapons.
The Portuguese had big and strong ships for carrying soldiers and weapons.
The Portuguese soldiers were protected with amour which made it hard for the coastal people to defeat them at war
The Portuguese had well trained soldiers compared to the Arabs at and the Africans at the coast.
The Portuguese had sufficient resources from Portugal and therefore could engage in a more protracted war.
The Portuguese had garrisons which were distributed at several points on the East African coast.
They used such garrisons for deposing and imprisoning the sultans.
The Portuguese were determined to fight and conquer the coastal states.
The Portuguese conquered the coast with ease because they used surprise attacks on the local people.
The Portuguese were ruthless in their attacks; they used scorched earth policy where they burnt and looted everything at the coast.
Some coastal states surrendered without a struggle to avoid Portuguese ruthlessness.
Arab/Coastal rulers were defeated because they under estimated the power of the Portuguese
The original Africans who had lost power cooperated with the Portuguese against Arab leaders (sultans or sheikhs)
The Wazimba and Segeju cannibals attacked and weakened some coastal towns.
The Portuguese had prior knowledge about the East African coastal towns; they first spied on the coastal towns.
The coastal towns lacked strong fortifications making vulnerable to attacks and therefore could easily be defeated
The Portuguese had able and brave leaders like Vasco Da Gama who could fight many wars.
The Portuguese were more skillful in naval warfare than the Arabs.
In conclusion, the coastal towns were easily defeated by the Portuguese because of the political, economic and social reasons explained above.
5a) Why did slave trade in East Africa expand during the mid-19th Century? CODE E (13 marks)
Slave trade is the trade in human beings; it’s a trade in which human beings are used as commodities
Slave trade developed in East Africa because there was high demand for slaves world over (Arabia, Portugal, America, France to work as servants, soldiers, miners etc)
The coming of more Arabs and Persians into East Africa between the 17th and mid-19th Centuries led to the development of slave trade.
It also developed because it was a way of getting rid of criminals, witches and destitute from society.
There was no developed means of transport thus goods had to be carried by slaves
Slave trade was a very profitable trade at that time. This led to its development
Inter-tribal wars increased slave trade leading to its development
Acquisition of guns that were used for raiding also led to the expansion of slave trade
The hospitality of Africans to foreigners like Arabs attracted more people who dealt in slave trade
Abolition of slave trade in West Africa left East Africa as the only source of slaves.
Establishment of cloves in Zanzibar and Pemba by Seyyid Said led to high demand for slaves to work in the clove plantation.
Existence of caravan trade routes eased penetration of interior and acquisition of slaves
There was no alternative source of income other than slaves.
Seyyid Said stablished in Zanzibar and Kilwa as leading slave markets in the world.
Industrial revolution in Europe increased the demand for raw materials to feed the machines and labor could only be provided by laves from E.Africa.
The 1840 transfer of Seyyid Said’s capital from Oman to Zanzibar increased the trade activities a long the coast and the interior of East Africa.
In conclusion, slave trade in East Africa developed because of the internal and external factors explained above.
b) How did the abolition of slave trade affect the peoples of East Africa? CODE A (12 marks)
Slave trade is the trade in human beings; it’s a trade in which human beings are used as commodities
The British government spearheaded the crusade against slave trade in the 18th century.
The abolition of slave trade led to an economic decline in slave trading states like Tippu –Tip’s empire and Nyamwezi kingdom
There was increase in population since human trafficking was no longer there.
The slave market at Zanzibar lost wealth and economic power and therefore declined.
There was revival of human dignity. Africans were at long last treated as fellow human beings
There was improved security because law and order replaced the anarchy which had prevailed during the slave trade era.
Africans developed hatred towards their traditional rulers who had sold them into slavery
There was an increase in legitimate trade that replaced slave trade.
There was marked improvement in agriculture which reduced famine.
The abolition of slave trade led to the coming of foreigners into East Africa. For instance, the Christian Missionaries, explorers, European traders and many others.
There was an increase in the spread of Christianity due to missionary activities.
There was increased entry of Europeans into the interior of East Africa, hence loss of independence of African states.
The abolition of slave trade led to loss of wealth and income to those who greatly depended on it.
There was an establishment and expansion of resettlement centres like Bagamoyo, Rabai and many others.
The abolition of slave trade led to the decline in clove plantation due to loss of free labor.
The abolition of led to an improvement in the transport system railway and feeder roads.
It became impossible for some societies to stabilize on land because they had lost their means of livelihood like the Yao.
It led to increased mistreatment of slaves by the owners due to increased risks
Former trade routes later developed into proper communication lines and highways.
The inter-tribal wars that were always used to acquire slaves were drastically reduced and there was peace and stability in many parts of East Africa.
In conclusion, the effects of the abolition of slave trade were both positive and negative as explained above.
6a) Why did the European Christian Missionaries come to East Africa? CODE C (12 marks)
The Christian missionaries were “men of God” sent to East Africa by the different Christian groups in Europe namely Church Missionary Society, White Fathers, Holy Ghost Fathers and the YMCA.
They came to East Africa because the evangelical revival in Europe encouraged them to come to East Africa
Missionaries came to East Africa because they wanted to spread Christianity
They came because they wanted stop (abolish) slave trade and slavery in East Africa.
Christian missionaries came to East Africa because they wanted to promote western education in East Africa.
The Christian missionaries came to East Africa because they wanted to check the spread of Islam in East Africa
The Christian missionaries came to East Africa to answer the call of the Africa desire for evangelism. For example they were invited by Kabaka Mutesa I of Buganda for that purpose
They wanted to create a civilized society among African communities free of barbaric practices like human sacrifice throwing away of twins (we civilization).
They wanted to promote and encourage the Africans toparticipate in legitimate trade so as to replace slave trade
The missionaries were forerunners of colonialism. They therefore wanted to pave way for the coming of Europeans imperialism.
Dr. Livingstone writings stirred up interest of the missionaries to come to East Africa from Europe
They came to East Africa because they were encouraged by the different account of the early travellers like Henry Stanley.
Christian missionaries came to East Africa to resettle and rehabilitate the freed slave.
The missionaries came to East Africa because of the desire for exploration and adventure. These included Krapt and Rebman.
In conclusion, the Christian missionaries came to East Africa because of the social, political and economic reasons explained above.
b)What were the effects of their activities on the peoples of East Africa? CODE E (13 marks)
The Christian missionaries were “men of God” sent to East Africa by the different Christian groups in Europe namely Church Missionary Society, White Fathers, Holy Ghost Fathers and the YMCA.
Missionaries preached the gospel which converted many people into Christianity.
They built schools which improved literacy in East Africa. For example Namilyango College, Gayaza High School, Ngora High School, St. Mary’s College Kisubi and many others.
Christian Missionaries also built hospitals like Mengo and Rubaga hospitals which provided better health services to the people of East Africa leading to an improvement in the lives of the people.
They abolished slave trade and slavery which promoted human dignity and respect for human life as a result of improved security.
Missionaries introduced legitimate trade which became an alternative means of livelihood to the people of East Africa.
They introduced new languages like English, Latin, French which eased communication in East Africa.
Missionaries promoted the study of African languages which led to the production of more literature for the converts
They introduced new methods of agriculture which improve farming and increased agricultural yields
They also introduced new cash crops on which the economy of East Africa depended. For example coffee, cotton, pyrethrum and many others
They built roads which eased transport and communication in East Africa.
Missionaries opened up mission stations that developed into big towns. For example Rabai, Bagamoyo and many others. The mission stations also provided sanctuary to the freed slaves
Their activities created employment opportunities for many Africans which improved peoples’ standard of living. For instance people were engaged in clerical work, teaching, nursing and interpretation
They spread Western culture which sometimes undermined African culture
They introduced new technical skills which were acquired by Africans. For example, brick laying, carpentry, craft and many others which gave the Africans a source of livelihood.
Their activities paved way for European colonialism which eroded African independence
They also influenced some local leaders to collaborate with colonial administrators which eased colonialism
Missionary education produced pioneer nationalist who greatly contributed to the liberation struggles of their respective countries. For example, Dr. A.M Obote, I.K Musaazi, Julius Nyerere, Jomo Kenyatta and many others.
Their education also produced African elites who later formed political parties based on religion. For example D.P for Catholics, UPC for protestants, KANU for protestants, KADU for Catholics e.t.c
The people of East Africa died due to religious wars between protestants and Catholics leading to low population.
They introduced the printing press which eased the production of literature for the converts.
Christian Missionaries funded chartered companies leading to the colonization of East Africa
Their teaching weakened African political leaders making them lose their political authority hence promoting colonialism
They checked the spread of Islam in East Africa as many people adopted Christianity
They made efforts to elevate women status through domestic science. For example they domestic science at Gayaza High School.
Civil wars reduced in East Africa due to missionary preaching of loving one another leading to peace and stability
Introduced new architecture which improved living conditions of the people of East Africa.
In conclusion, the effects of the activities of the Christian missionaries were both positive and negative as indicated above.
7a) Why was the Uganda Railway constructed? CODE C (12 marks)
The Uganda railway was the railway line constructed by the British from Mombasa to Uganda.
The construction of the railway started in 1896 from Mombasa in Kenya
The preliminary survey for this railway was done in 1892 by Captain JRL Macdonald of IBEACO
The Uganda railway was constructed to enable the British government to establish firm control over their spheres of influence.
It was built to provide transport for arms and British military personnel.
The Uganda railway was constructed to ease administration in Uganda.
The need to gain access to Uganda for the control of the Nile (strategic) led to the construction of the railway
The Uganda railway was built to eliminate slave trade which was still rampant in East Africa
It was constructed to make it possible to develop the interior for agriculture and other economic activities
It was also constructed to provide an alternative for other forms of trade.
The Uganda railway was built to make transport quicker, easier, and cheaper.
The Uganda railway was constructed in order to forestall other powers like the Egyptians and Khartoumers who also interested in colonizing Uganda in particular and East Africa in general
The railway was also built to conform to the aims of the Berlin conference of effective occupation.
The railway was constructed to facilitate missionary activities in Uganda
The Uganda railway was built to promote exploitation of resources like minerals by providing reliable transport for the transportation of those minerals
It was built to link East Africa to the outside world through the coast of East Africa.
The railway was built to make the economy of Uganda self-sustainable.
In conclusion, the Uganda railway was therefore constructed for political, economic and social reasons.
b)Describe the development of this railway system in Uganda up to 1965 CODE D (13 marks)
The Uganda railway was the railway line constructed by the British from Mombasa to Uganda.
The construction of the railway started in 1896 from Mombasa in Kenya
The preliminary survey for was done in 1892 by Captain JRL Macdonald of IBEACO
The railway system was an extension of the Uganda railway from Kenya.
In 1912 the railway line was extended to Port Bell. It was Sir Hesketh Bell who ensured that the connection took place.
This was done in order to to connect Kampala to the steamer service and facilitate transport on Lake Victoria.
In the same year 1912, the Jinja-Namasagali line was constructed.
This was to link and provide reliable transport system to the Eastern part of Uganda.
The Jinja – Namasagali line was also constructed to tap products like cotton, livestock etc from the region of Busoga.
In 1923, the Uganda Railway was connected to Jinja.
This was mainly to facilitate the transportation of cotton, coffee, foodstuff as well as people.
In 1928, the Namasagali line was connected to Tororo, which in turn was connected to Eldoret in Kenya.
This line aimed at reducing traffic congestion on Port Bell among others.
In 1929, the railway line was extended from Tororo up to Soroti via Mbale.
This extension was mainly to encourage cotton and coffee growing in Eastern Uganda and to facilitate the transportation of cattle.
In 1931, the line was extended to Kampala across the Nile.
The railway was extended to Kampala mainly to tap coffee and other products from the region.
In 1956, the approximately 333 kilometre long Kampala - Kasese line was constracted.
This was mainly to facilitate the transportation of copper from Kilembe to Jinja for smelling.
The line was equally constructed in order to tap other products like tea, tobacco and food stuff.
In 1961 the Jinja – Bukuma line was establish to tap agricultural products wihin the area..
In 1965 the railway line from Soroti was connected to Pakwach via Lira and Gulu.
The purpose of this line was to transport tobacco, cotton and people.
In conclusion, the development and extension of Uganda railway to the various parts of Uganda was premised on political, economic and social factors and by 1965 it covered most of the areas in Uganda.
A sketch map showing the extension of and the development of Uganda railways in Uganda up to 1965.
KEY: The development of the Uganda railway up to 1965
8a)What were the terms of the Buganda Agreement of 1900? CODE T (12 marks)
Key terms of the Buganda Agreement were centred on government, land and taxation.
Buganda was to become a province of equal status with others in the protectorate, i.e Eastern, Western and Northern provinces.
Buganda was to continue with her king, the Kabaka of Buganda
The Kabaka was to be given the title “His Highness”
The Kabaka was to govern Buganda through Lukiiko (Parliament) legislative councils.
The Lukiiko was to be the legislative body and highest court of appeal
The Lukiiko was to have fixed membership of 89
Three ministers namely; the Prime Minister (Katikiro); Chief Justice (Omulamuzi) Treasurer (Omuwanika) were to be appointed to assist the Kabaka in the administration of the kingdom.
The Lukiiko was to be composed of 20 county chiefs, 6 Kabaka’s nominees and 60 Notables (Abakungu) and the three ministers
Buganda’s laws were to remain in force as long as they did not conflict with protectorate laws.
Issues concerning foreigners were to be referred to the protectorate govt.
Hut and gun tax of 3 rupees were to be introduced in Buganda
Revenue from Buganda was to be remitted to the protectorate government.
Buganda land was to be divided into two; Crown and Mailo land
Crown land (about 9,000 miles) was to be reserved for protectorate government.
Mailo land (10,000 miles) was to be distributed among royal family, leading chiefs and peasants.
Buganda was to be sub-divided into 20counties.
This included the lost counties of Buyaga and Bugangaizi captured from Bunyoro.
The Kabaka was to appoint chiefs but with the approval of the protectorate government.
Chiefs were to receive monthly salaries from protectorate government.
Chiefs were to look after public works, maintain law and order and collect taxes.
The protectorate government was to dishonour the terms of the agreement if Buganda violated them.
The Kabaka had to remain loyal to the protectorate government at all times.
All the natural resources in Buganda were to be reserved for the protectorate government for example minerals, forests etc
No any other form of tax was to be introduced in Buganda without the consent of the Kabaka or approval of the Lukiiko.
In conclusion, the terms of the 1900 Buganda Agreement were political, economic and social
8b)How did this agreement affect the people of Buganda? CODE A (13 marks)
The Buganda agreement was a treaty signed between the British commissioners Harry Johnstone and the three regiments of the Kabaka namely:- Sir Apollo Kaggwa, Stanislus Mugwanya and Zakariya Kisingiri
The Buganda agreement of 1900 gave Buganda a prominent status in the country.
The Buganda agreement of 1900 made Buganda an integral part of Uganda.
Buganda’s revenue including revenue collected from the vassal states was merged with the rest of the country.
Buganda started demanding special privileges as a result of the signing of the 1900 agreement.
The favoured position made Buganda standout as a state within a state
The elevation of Buganda above others earned her hatred from other regions
The Buganda agreement of 1900 confirmed British authority over Uganda
Buganda’s rights over the disputed territories which had been acquired from Bunyoro were also confirmed
Buyaga and Bugangayizi were confirmed as part of Buganda. This increased hostility between Buganda and Bunyoro.
The king had nothing except a meaning less title of His Highness. It therefore undermined the authority of the King
The Kabaka’s powers were greatly undermined and reduced treaty as result of the signing of this
The Kabaka lost his spiritual powers
His political powers were equally drastically reduced
He lost power over land distribution, he was no longer the sole distributor of land
He lost his judicial powers and could no longer pass death sentences
He lost control over his chiefs who became public servants paid by the protectorate government
He could no longer rule arbitrarily but was assisted by 3 ministers
Lukiiko became the legislature with an expanded membership of up to 89
It empowered the Christian and Moslem chiefs who collaborated with the British
The king lost power over the army. He could not raise an army without the British consent
He lost control over revenue. The control of all revenue was placed in the hands of the protectorate government
It favoured Buganda’s aristocracy who became powerful because they were given land with title deeds.
Which at times led to landlessness among the peasants who became squatters
The hut tax which was introduced by the 1900 Buganda agreement led to congestion in small huts as people attempted to dodge its payment.
Buganda clan heads lost some of their traditional functions. For example, the war leader’s traditional functions were no longer there.
The agreement confirmed the lost counties hence resulting into hostilities between Bunyoro and Buganda.
The agreement created new classes of people in Buganda namely:- the land owners and tenants who could be evicted at will by the land owners
Buganda lost its independence to the British as result of the signing of this agreement
Buganda collaborated in extending British rule over Uganda as a result of this agreement.
Developments like roads, schools hospitals took place in Buganda following the signing of this agreement.
The signing of the 1900 Buganda agreement ended the religious and political wars in Buganda
The Buganda agreement also enabled the British government to exploit Buganda’s resources unabated
In conclusion, the Buganda agreement of 1900 mainly affected the kingdom of Buganda negatively although there were also some few positive effects as explained above.
9a) Why did Kinji Kitile Ngwale rebel against the Germans between 1905 and 1907? CODE R (12 marks)
The Maji Maji revolt was an African resistance against the German colonial rule in Tanganyika
The phrase means ‘the magic water’ believed to provide Africans with protection against the German bullets
Prophet Kinkikitile Ngwale of Ngarambe the leader of the rebellion influenced Africans to rebel.
Maji Maji rebellion occurred because the Germans disrespected African traditional leaders. For example, they flogged them in public.
They also annoyed the Africans by replacing the African leaders with Akidas and Jumbes who were harsh and cruel.
The Germans were arrogant to the Africans, for instance they entered Mosques with dogs
They rebellion occurred because the Germans over taxed Africans
They also used Africans in forced labour on communal farms and public works.
The introduction of the compulsory cotton growing scheme in 1902 led to the rebellion
The Germans disrespected African customs and traditions. For example, their mercenaries raped Wangindo women and girls
They grabbed the fertile land of Africans hence making the African people landless.
The rebellion occurred because the Germans were harsh and brutal in their administration. They mistreated the Africans
Africans fought in this rebellion because they wanted to regain their independence from the Germans
The influence of earlier rebellions like the Hehe rebellion led to the Maji Maji rebellion.
African workers received low pay on average 35 cents per annum for the labor they supplied to the whites.
Ngoni fought in this rebellion because they wanted to revenge the Boma massacres of 1897 in the Germans had killed many of them.
Brutal methods of collecting taxes that the Germans carried out led to the Maji Maji rebellion of 1905-07.
Poor working conditions led to the rebellion. The Africans working for the whites were being subjected to sub-human working conditions.
Giving asylum to a boy who slept with the Ngoni leader’s (Chief Chibruma’s) wife led to the rebellion.
The introduction of Christianity led to the rebellion. Christianity interrupted African culture hence annoying the people.
In conclusion, the 1905 – 1907 Maji – Maji revolt was caused by political, economic and social reasons as explained above.
A sketch map showing the areas where Kinji Kitile Ngwale rebelled against the Germans between 1905 and 1907
KEY: The areas of Kinji Kitile Ngwale’s rebellion
b)What were the effects of this rebellion? CODE E (12 marks)
The Maji Maji was an African rebellion against German rule in southern Tanganyika.
The term Maji Maji refers to ‘the magic water’ mixed with sorghum to provide protection to the African fighters
It involved several tribes like the Ngindo, Mbuga, Ngoni, Zarama, Pogoro, Makumbi etc.
Many Africans lost their lives about 75,000 Africans died hence depopulation
Africans were defeated by the Germans because the latter had better weapons
Crops were destroyed during the leading to famine (fuga-fuga)
Africans stopped violence and tried other peaceful means to regain independence.
The Germans changed their methods of administration as a way of accommodating the interests of the africans
The Germans stopped taking Africans for granted.
Africans were encouraged to grow cash crops on their own
Corporal punishments which had been previously meted on the Africans were stopped
White settlers demands for forced labor were controlled
Education was either introduced or improved for the benefit of the African people.
White settlers who mistreated Africans could also be punished.
Africans lost confidence and respect in their traditional rulers because the magic water never worked
Africans lost confidence in traditional religion since the magic water never worked
Many Africans joined foreign religions like Islam and Christianity
There was economic decline in southern Tanzania e.g agriculture
African collaborators were rewarded by the Germans because of their input in defeating fellow Africans.
There was destruction of property as a result of the war. This included, farms, huts etc
Tanganyika was divided into districts and the rebellious areas were ruled by military rulers.
The rebellion was a source of inspiration to later nationalists e.g Julius Nyerere.
In conclusion, the effects of the Mau Mau were both positive and negative as described above.
10a) Why was East Africa involved in World War II? CODE I (12 marks)
World War II was a war which started in Europe in 1939
The World War was fought between the years 1939 – 1945.
It was a war fought between Germany, Italy, and their allies against Britain, France and their allies.
East Africa got involved in this war because it was under the rule of one of the war lords
When the war broke out, it was impossible for East Africa to remain neutral
Moreover these Germans in East Africa had conflicting opinions. Some supported Hitler while others did not.
There were the British in Uganda, Kenya and Tanganyika and yet back at home, they were both opponent war lords.
In neighbouring Somalia and Eritrea there was Italy.
The presence of such opponents in such areas caused suspicion and tension
Seven battalions of the Kings African Rifle (K.A.R) were stationed on the Somali boarder.
Troops poured into Kenya from all over the world for the purposes of the war
They were joined by contingents from Nigeria, Gold Coast and other countries
East Africa also contributed large sums of money to meet the British war costs.
In 1940 for instance, Italy joined the war as German ally.
Later when Japan joined the war on Germany’s side and attacked Britain, the King African Riffle (K.A.R) the British colonial army in East Africa was expanded to 30 battalions.
Thousands of East African soldiers went to India and Burma to fight on the side of the British.
Others from East Africa who fought in the war went to Madagascar.
In conclusion, East Africa got involved in World War II between 1939 and 1945 because of the political, economic and social reasons explained above.
b)How did this war affect the peoples of East Africa? CODE H (13 marks)
World War II was a war which started in Europe in 1939
The World War was fought between the years 1939 – 1945.
It was a war fought between Germany, Italy, and their allies against Britain, France and their allies.
There were political, economic and social consequences of the war on East Africa.
The war hastened the growth of political movements (promoted nationalism) in East Africa.
People’s attitudes towards chiefs and African administrators changed
People began to resent them because they associated them with the bad colonial rule
Most British officials were away for military service
Exports declined and lack of skilled manpower affected production
Uganda’s cotton and coffee growers had to be helped by the government when the prices fell too low.
Otherwise, there was increased demand for East African sisal and cotton
Japan captured Malaysia with its large rubber plantations and therefore Tanganyika had to increase rubber plantation production.
The Africans in Kenya were for the first time encouraged to produce cash crops
There was loss of lives of the African people especially those who participated in the war
War veterans brought and spread venereal diseases and other S.T.Ds.
Lack of employment among the veterans forced them to join the military wing of the nationalist movements. For example General China joined the Mau Mau movement.
The British government directed technical schools and institutions to introduce and produce war equipments during the period.
After the World War II, Tanganyika became a trusteeship of the British under UNO provision towards self-government.
Many European communities began to change attitudes towards Africans for the better.
Ex-service men were awarded medals by the colonial masters as a way of appreciating the Africans who fought in the war.
There was an increase white settlers in Kenya. They moved into Kenya from South Africa, Britain and Canada
In conclusion, the effects of World War I on the people of East Africa were positive and negative as explained above.
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